Day of the Rural Woman: Cameroon’s rural women stay positive

14/10/2016Cameroon will this 15th October 2016 join the International Community to observe the International Day of the Rural Woman commemorated under the theme, “Empowering Rural Women, Ensuring Food Security and Ending Poverty.”

Photo for: Day of the Rural Woman: Cameroon’s rural women stay positive

As activities gather steam in the country, the question of who is a rural woman and how does she surmount her challenges is being addressed.

In Cameroon, a rural woman is considered as one who dwells in a rural area and depends largely on agriculture, livestock, fishing and mining.

Cameroon’s rich landscape makes her activities relatively easy even though she faces a number of challenges including access to funding.

Cameroon’s rural woman has however been exposed to a number of positive changes that has affected her mentality, over the years.

This mentality change, most of the women argue is thanks to their affiliation to little groupings and associations where they have been made to understand they are worth more than just the farmlands and the animals they rear.

Having been taught how to develop their businesses and introduced into other self-reliant activities including “njangis”, the issue of funding is being partly addressed.

The Government of Cameroon through the Ministry of Women Empowerment and the Family has also been actively involved in upgrading the status of rural women.

Their production rate has increased due to the training, counselling and donation of farm tools and seedlings they frequently benefit from Government.

These notwithstanding, the rural woman in Cameroon still faces some setbacks including insufficient access to information, inaccessible roads, isolation, influence of stereotypes and difficult access to land amongst others.

Photo credit: http://files.cameroonwebnews.com

Eleanor Ayuketah

Coutesy crtv.cm

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Coût de la vie: Buéa ville la plus chère du Cameroun

18/02/2016C'est un classement de l'Institut national de la statistique (Ins) qui positionne la ville de Buéa comme ville la plus chère du Cameroun. Les ville de Bafoussam et Ngaoundéré sont en queue de peloton

Photo for: Coût de la vie: Buéa ville la plus chère du Cameroun

En 2015, le coût de la vie est en hausse au Cameroun, l’inflation est  passée de 1,9% en 2014 à 2,7% en 2015. C'est le constat général fait par l'Institut national de la statistique (Ins).

Seulement, cette inflation varie selon les régions du Cameroun. La capitale régionale du Sud-Ouest, engrange la plus grande hausse de prix (4,3%). La capitale de la région du Nord, Garoua enregistre 3,6% de hausse.

Ebolowa (3,5%), Bamenda (2,9%), Yaoundé (2,9%), Douala (2,5%) et Bertoua (25%). Les inflations observées découlent des prix des produits alimentaires qui ont crû de 1,9% en 2015 contre 1,0% en 2014.

Notamment, une hausse de 4,3% des prix des poissons, 11,7% pour le poisson fumé, 1,1% pour les viandes, 3,2% pour la viande de mouton,  2,1% pour la viande de porc et poulet de chair croit de 2%. 

Boris SUGEWE

www.crtv.cm

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50th edition of the National Youth Day Launched

01/02/2016Activities to mark the celebration of the 50th edition of the 2016 National Youth Day have been launched under the theme: “Youth citizenship and the fight against insecurity for the Advent of an Emerging Cameroon.”

Photo for: 50th edition of the National Youth Day LaunchedThe launching ceremony was presided by the Minister of Youth Affairs and Civic Education Mounouna Foutsou in Tiko the South West Region. Shortly after leaving Tiko, the Minister will travel to Yaounde where the same exercise will be launched in Yoko the Centre Region on Wednesday 3rd February 2016. The latest Renovation to mark this year’s celebration includes the wearing of a new fabric designed for youths, and bearing the colours of the Nation; the chanting of the Youth anthem alongside the National Anthem, and the building of youth monuments in the Administrative capital of the ten Regions.

Concerning the wearing of the youth fabric, the Minister of Youth Affairs and that of Basic Education earlier mentioned that it is not obligatory for pupils and students especially as it has just been newly introduced and might pose some financial constraints to parents. As such pupils and students who are unable to get the fabric will have to put on their school uniforms or occasional wears during the celebration.

Irene Mbang Tata. Courtesy - crtv

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Rush Coaches Arrive in Cameroon

As part of a coaching exchange between our partners in Cameroon at FC Rush Bali and Rush clubs in the US, 4 American coaches have set out for a one month journey to Cameroon to experience the culture and help instill the 'Rush Way'. Check out their entries below:

01.21.13 - Cameroon Trip01.21 - Three of the four coaches arrived safely in Cameroon on the 15th (the fourth, Ben Medina, was flying in at a later date). Alex Mendolia and Cara Nelson (NY) and Brian Lux (PP/SPI) were all tired from the 12 hour flight but were excited to be in Africa. After spending the night in Douala, they left early for the 7 hour drive to Bali. Upon the arrival in Bali, the coaches were greeted by a parade of cars and motorcycles that paraded them through the town to the field. There, the people of Bali held an opening ceremony where they sang the Cameroonian anthem and had all the players shake the coaches hands. Then they had a traditional tribal dance that the coaches took part in. Representatives from the US Embassy also greeted the group. The next day the group got to observe the senior team play and would get the chance to train the youth teams the following day. Please stayed tuned for more updates on the journey to Cameroon and FC Bali Rush!
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President Sends message to U.S. President, Barack Obama following his re-election

12/11/2012

To His Excellency Barack Hussein OBAMA, President of the United States of America

Mr. President,

On the occasion of your brilliant re-election to the Presidency of the United States of America, it gives me great pleasure to extend to you my sincere and warm congratulations, and to wish you every success in the continuation of your lofty and delicate task.

Your victory reflects the trust and hope that the great American people have put in you.

I take this joyous opportunity to restate my willingness to work with you, as in the past, to strengthen the close ties existing between our two countries, and for the advent of a world of peace, justice and solidarity.

Accept, Mr. President, the renewed assurances of my highest consideration.

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Four Cameroonian hostages released

07/11/2012

Justin Haman, 30 Dieudonné Itina Koumbo 16, Antoine Ndozen Mbeda , 18 and Daniel Nsongo, 41 kidnapped by rebels allegedly from the Central African Republic on the 24th of September 2012, returned  to their respective families  during a ceremony chaired by the Governor of the East Region, Dieudonné Ivaha Diboua at the esplanade of the Garoua-Boulai Divisional Office.

The four men spent the night at the Mombal’s Rapid Intervention Unit camp situated some fifty kilometres away from Garoua-Boulai before being escorted to their native village.

The hostages recovered freedom after negotiations with the rebels who demanded the unconditional release of two of theirs arrested by the Rapid Intervention Unit during the attack of the security post based at the border

In spite of difficult living conditions during their one and a half month of captivity in the bush of neighbouring Central African Republic hostages said they were not tortured at all.

Governor Ivaha Diboua advised populations to be vigilant and cooperate with security forces in their permanent effort to  maintain peace and security in the area.

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Football: Jean Paul Akono publishes the long awaited list

01/10/2012

The head coach of the National football team, Jean Paul Akono has published a list of 26 players to take part in the crucial Africa Cup of Nations qualifier match against Cape Verde.

The Head Coach, gave a press conference at the Hilton hotel in Yaounde during which he also updated the press on his strategy to improve upon the management of the national team.

The most familiar names making a ‘come back’ include Samuel Eto’o, Jean II Makoun, Wome Nlend, Achill Wabo. He indicated that at the end of the training session 18 of the 26 players selected shall be retained for the match to take place in Yaounde.

The head coach was tight-lipped on the name of the next captain for the indomitable lions. He indicated that the decision shall be taken by 4th October 2012.

Jean Paul Akono in a very calm and reconciliatory tone, called on the press to rally forces and enhance serenity within the Lion’s den.

Social lodging: Cameroon makes remarkable strides

30/09/2016Cameroon already has 1700 of the 10.000 low cost houses Government projected to construct by 2020.

Photo for: Social lodging: Cameroon makes remarkable strides

This figure was made public during a press briefing chaired by the Minister of Housing and Urban Development, Jean Claude Mbwentchou this 30th September 2016.

Minister Jean Claude Mbwentchou indicated that as Cameroon prepares to attend the Habitat III Summit in Equito in the Republic of Equador from 17th - 20th October 2016, Government’s ambition is to ensure decent lodgings for its citizens.

The press briefing was organized ahead of the 31st edition of World Habitat Day to be commemorated on 3rd October 2016.

The Minister of Communication, Issa Tchiroma Bakary was at the press briefing.

Eleanor Ayuketah

Courtesy: crtv.cm 

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President Paul Biya’s Adress to the Youth : 102 Billion CFA francs Youth emergency plan launched

10/02/2016The Cameroonian youth have their destinies in their hands and through active participation, they should inevitably and progressively take the nation’s future into their own hands, under the benevolent mentorship of the elders, in a properly organized blending of generations.

Photo for: President Paul Biya’s Adress to the Youth : 102 Billion CFA francs Youth emergency plan launched To achived this goal the Chief Executive indicated that the economic integration of youths with will require giving greater momentum to enable them make the most of the numerous programmes and projects that are underway or in the pipeline.


It is in this regard that President Paul Biya declared  “I have just given instructions for the launch of a three-year "Special Youth" plan worth CFAF 102 billion in total.”

The three-year "Special Youth" plan should facilitate and accelerate the economic integration of youths there by ehancing “economic patriotism”.

The Head of State counts on youth to make good of citizenship education programmes offered by the Civic Service Agency for Participation in Development which is already set up hundreds of local committees countrywide. 
In a reassurinng tone, Ptresident Paul Biya told the young people of Cameroon that the sky is gradually clearing up and the clouds are dispersing progressively especially with regards to the problem of unemployment face by the youths. 
He told the youths to look to the future with more confidence bearing in mind that the goal has not been reached but progress is being made against all the odds.

“More effort is definitely required from us to achieve stronger, more stable and more sustainable growth. We will undoubtedly continue to encounter obstacles along the way; however, it behoves us to overcome them resolutely and bravely with everyone’s participation.” The president said.

He reiterated that the youth can reap much benefits from working the land, the new-found industrialization and the digital economy.

Elvis Teke www.crtv.cm


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Cameroun: 380 000 emplois jeunes en vue

28/01/2016Le plan d’action national pour l’emploi des jeunes pour la période 2016-2020 vient d’être validé à Yaoundé par le ministre de l’Emploi et de la formation professionnelle, Zacharie Perevet

Photo for: Cameroun: 380 000 emplois jeunes en vueLe Panaj 2016-2020) est évalué à près de 135 milliards de Fcfa. Les domaines ciblés sont sont entre autres l’agriculture, le tourisme, la pisciculture, l’élevage. Selon le Minefop, bien que l’économie ait généré de nombreux emplois, le sous-emploi demeure préoccupant. Une enquête camerounaise auprès des ménages indique  d’ailleurs qu’il est  passé de 71,1% en 2007 à 79,0% en 2014. Précision, le secteur informel, bien qu’en baisse, reste prépondérant. Les chiffres actuels l’attestent avec 90,3%  pour 2007 et 88,6 % en 2014. Pour donner la chance à tous, il sera question d’accroître la communication sur le travail décent des jeunes et sur la promotion et le développement de l’entreprenariat ainsi que la promotion de la gouvernance du marché de l’emploi des jeunes. Toutes les couches sociales seront prises en compte,  notamment les handicapés, les pygmées et les Mbororos.

Dieudonné Zra - crtv

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President Paul Biya faces the press at the Elysee

30/01/2013

After the close to 50 minute discussions with the French President at the Elysee, the President of the Republic faced the press to answer a series of questions from a good number of media men who were out waiting at the Cour D’honeur.

Questions from journalists were not very audible but his answers were concise and precise.

He began by thanking the French President for the invitation and described Franco/Cameroon relations as excellent. He further indicated that discussions with his host centred on a number of issues including security and maritime problems in the central African sub-region and the situation in Mali and the Central African Republic. President Paul Biya applauded President Francois Hollande’s efforts in safeguarding Mali’s territorial integrity.

He latter stated that Cameroon is engaged in a series of projects intended to modernized the country and he is heading a team to France to invite French business concerns to accompany the country’s efforts
On his longevity in power:

President Paul Biya said he is not hanging on to power; he is in power through the ballot box. He faced a number of candidates during the presidential elections and won. Paul Biya says presently he is more concerned about honouring the engagements he has made to the Cameroonian people.

On operation sparrow hawk or the fight against corruption:

Paul Biya said Cameroon respects the rights and liberties of its citizens. He contended that the country has a number of political parties and trade unions that operate in total freedom. Concerning those in prison held for embezzlement, the President said people commit offences and when held accountable, they consider themselves political prisoners.
On Michel Thierry Atangana the Franco-Cameroonian in prison

The President indicated that he does not know him personally but knows that he is accused of embezzling public funds. He said the case is presently being examined in the Supreme Court and final judgment still awaited. “We cannot go against the decision of the court” he stated.

On homosexuality:

President Paul Biya reiterated the fact that article 345 of country’s penal code condemns homosexuality. He indicated that the people’s mentality might change in time but presently homosexuality is a felony in Cameroon.

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Cameroon braces up for car manufacture factory

12/11/2012

A memorandum of understanding has been signed between the Cameroon first automobile manufacturing company and the Ministry of Mines, Industries and Technological Development.

 According to the agreement the Chinese Car Assembly Plant will be constructed in Kribi in the South Region. 

Officials of the Cameroon first automobile manufacturing company indicated that during the first phase of the project to manufacture Chinese vehicles in Cameroon, the parts shall be imported from China and assembled at the plant.

During the second phase which will begin after exploitation of iron ore begins at Mballam in the East region, the vehicles shall be manufactured in Cameroon.

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Pioneer International Cocoa Festival opens in Cameroon

09/11/2012

The first ever cocoa festival in Cameroon opened on Thursday 7th November 2012 with an international conference in Mbalmayo.

Participants from Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon discussed the future of the cocoa market.

Cameroon's Minister of Trade Luc Magloire Mbarga Atangana opened the international conference on Cocoa and its derivatives.

The cocoa festival continued in Yaounde, Douala, Kumba and Mbangassina to promote the produce and its derivatives.

The cocoa festival in Douala was characterised by an exhibition  of cocoa products and a motorised march through the streets of Douala.

Public attention was drawn on the need for more young people to invest in the planting and processing of Cocoa.

In Yaoundé, the public through exhibitions at the 20th May Boulevard, discovered the cocoa plant, its pods and beans as well as chocolate, oil and other products made from cocoa.

Producers and investors also used the occasion to exchange information on how to raise cocoa production.

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ELECAM: Recompilation of electoral registers begins on 3rd November

28/09/2012

The recompilation of electoral registers in Cameroon begins this 3rd October 2012 and ends on the 28th of February 2013.

The information is contained in a decision issued by the Director General of Elections Cameroon, Mohaman Sani Tanimou.

According to the statement from the General Manager, this period may be extended by thirty days if necessary.

The exercise begins in urban centres and shall gradually extend to other councils. Accordingly, Cameroonians aged 20 and above are invited to the nearest ELECAM office with a valid national Identity Card, to get registered.

Effective beginning of registration comes at the end of a training course attended by officials of Elections Cameroon.

They were on the benches to learn more about biometric equipment to be used in the process.

 


Community Radios: Government set to reinforce communication at grassroots level

12/10/2016The Government of Cameroon with the technical assistance of UNESCO has embarked on a series of projects to renovate community radio stations in some areas in the country.

Photo for: Community Radios: Government set to reinforce communication at grassroots level

The project which will cost some three billion CFAF will comprise the setting up of 15 new community radio stations and the renovation of 21 others.

It was therefore to inaugurate the first of the 12 already renovated community radio stations that Communication Minister, Issa Tchirolma Bakary travelled to Sa’a in the Lekie Division of the Centre Region.

It is worth indicating that the Government of Cameroon has opted to reinforce the decentralisation process through these community radios that are effective in mobilising the local population.

M’alli FM of Sa’a which is the first in the series has been upgraded into a multimedia centre thanks to expertise from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO).

This explains why accompanying the Minister of Communication to Sa’a, was the visiting President of the 38th General Conference of UNESCO, Stanley Mutumba Simataa.

Photo credit: http://www.soundbox.co.in

Eleanor Ayuketah

Courtesy crtv.cm

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New resettlement site for the displaced persons around Nsimalen

20/02/2016The resettlement site to host displaced persons along the Nsimalen International Airport is near completion.

Photo for: New resettlement site for the displaced persons around Nsimalen

The Minister of State Property and Land Tenure lead a delegation to inspect the resettlement site.

The resettlement site is situated at Ekoko in the Mfou Sub- Division of the Centre Region. an area meant for the construction of a health Centre, Primary School,  new Yaounde Nsimalen double carriage way.

The site has been reserved only for those who will be displaced. 
The Director General of MAETUR affirmed that the site will be suitable for beneficiaries, with electricity and pipe born water all put in place.

The Minister of State Property and Land Tenure was accompanied by the Minister of Housing and Urban Development Jean Claude Mbwentchou and that of Mines Ernest Ngwaboubou.

Irene Mbang Tata 

www.crtv.cm

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Ligue 1: les résultats de la première journée

01/02/2016Seulement deux des matchs programmés ce 31 janvier 2016, ont été reportés pour des raisons non encore élucidées

Photo for: Ligue 1: les résultats de la première journéeNews Star-Panthère (2-0),Unisport-Botafogo (1-1),Apejes-Aigle de la Menoua (0-0), Racing-Astres (1-0),Union de Douala-Dragon de Yaoundé (2-1),Yong Sport-Lion Blessé (1-0),Cosmos-Eding Sport (0-1),Bamboutos-Coton Sport de Garoua (reporté),Canon de Yaoundé-UMS Loum (reporté) 

Dieudonné Zra: crtv

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Les Lions retenus pour le match amical du 6 février.

24/01/2013

Voici la liste des 21 joueurs convoqués par Jean Paul Akono pour le match amical du 6 février prochain  face à la Tanzannie.

Gardiens de but:
Itandje  Charles (Atromitos,Grèce)
Myébi  Joslain   (Wrexham)
Défenseurs :
Nyom Allan Roméo (Grenade,Espagne)
Angbwa Ossoemeyang Benoit (FC Rostov,Russie)
Assou Ekotto Benoit (Tottenam,Angleterre)
Bedimo Henri (Monpellier,France)
Nkoulou Ndoubena Nicolas (Marseille,France)
Kana-Biyik Jean Armel (Stade Rennais,France)
Aminou Bouba (Cotonsport,Cameroun)
Milieux de terrain :
Matip Joel (Shalke 04,Allemagne)
Song  Alexandre (FC Barcelone,Espagne)
Nguemo Leandry (Bordeau,France)
Wome Nlend Pierre (Canon ,Cameroun)
Tchami Hervé (Honved FC,Hongrie)
Makoun II (Stade Renais,France)
Attaquants :
Olinga Essono Fabrice (Malaga,Espagne)
Emana Achille (Al Hilal Dubai,Emirats Arabes Unis)
Eloundou Charles (Cotonsport, Cameroun)
Eto’o Fils Samuel (Anzhi Makachkala,Russie)
Aboubakar  Vincent (Valenciennes,France)
Yontcha Jean Paul (Sc Olhanense,Portugal)
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 MINDEF ‘s locks up his protocol officer

30/01/2013

The incident took place on 25th January 2013 at the college de la Retaite in Yaounde situated at the Warda junction.

The sad incident involved the Protocol officer of the Minister Delegate at the Presidency in charge of Defence, Captain George Patrick Meka.

The senior gendarmerie officer molested a priest working in the Catholic Secondary School as cashier.

When news of the incident got to the Minister Delegate in charge of Defense, an investigation was immediately opened.

Shortly after, the captain was found guilty for gross misconduct and slammed the maximum disciplinary sanctions.

He has been locked up and expected to stay in custody for a period of sixty days.

At the end of the prison term, he shall be sent back to the national gendarmerie, thereby losing all advantages as protocol officer.

The defense boss wants the incident to serve as an example to indisciplined officers of the defense forces that have the challenging task of winning the confidence of the population.

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Elephant kills A man in Mundemba South West

The victim, based In Mundemba, Ndian Division, was attacked while harvesting plantain for the birthday party of his daughter.

A man whose only name Cameroon Tribune got as Pa Nikobo, a farmer in Mundemba, Ndian Division of the South West Region, was reportedly attacked and killed recently by an elephant in his farm.

As the story goes, Pa Nikobo, who was said to be a retired Game guard, went to his farm to harvest plantains that had to be used later that day for his daughter’s birthday celebration. On reaching his farm, CT gathered, he discovered elephants have invaded his plantation and destroyed young palms he had planted.

In his attempt to replant some of the palms, he was attacked by an elephant that inflicted severe wounds on him.

The victim, who was also believed to be a poacher in elephants, is said to have struggled to escape but gave up the ghost shortly, following profuse bleeding.

The sad incident is said to have provoked anger among the villagers who stormed the Senior Divisional Officer’s office with the corpse of Pa Nikobo. The villagers are said to have told the outgone SDO, Peter Tieh Nde, who was on his last days in the Division, to bury their kinsman as the government representative in the area.

The villagers are said to have blamed the SDO for refusing to grant them authorisation to kill elephants some months ago.

The SDO at that time is reported to have calmed down the embittered villagers, promising that government would give the late Pa Nikobo a befitting burial and sponsor his children in school beginning from next academic year.

It should be recalled that elephants invaded farmlands in Mundemba recently destroying crops. The villagers then stormed the SDO’s office demanding authorisation to kill the animals which was denied because elephants, just like some wildlife, are protected by the 1994 Wildlife laws in Cameroon.

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China donates aircraft to Cameroon

09/11/2012

The Minister of Defence Edgar Alain Mebe Ngo'o has received a Chinese built aeroplane for the Cameroon Air force.

The aircraft will help the air force perform medium range flights to move personnel and cargo.

The aircraft which has been described as the new symbol of sino-Cameroon relations has a 6 hour flight autonomy and can transport 50 passengers and freight of 1500 km.

The keys of the aircraft were symbolically handed to the Minister of Defence by the Chinese Ambassador to Cameroon.

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Second bridge over river Wouri: no enterprise retained

24/09/2012

The Ministry of Public Works, Patrice Amba Salla has signed a communiqué informing Cameroonians that the bid for the construction of a second bridge over the river Wouri has not prospered. 

The communiqué did not state why the open invitation to tender was declared unsuccessful more so as  a number of companies did respond.

The Ministry of Public Works after has however indicated that the competent institution, the Ministry of Public Contracts shall be conferred the task of selecting the must competent company to do the job.

It is worth indicating that the Government of Cameroon, its foreign friends and some financial institutions had already mobilised part of funds needed for the construction of a second bridge over the River Wouri in order to facilitate movement in the very strategic economic hub.

Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon (French: République du Cameroun), is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country is called "Africa in miniature" for its geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. The highest point is Mount Cameroon in the southwest, and the largest cities are Douala, Yaoundé and Garoua. Cameroon is home to over 200 different linguistic groups. The country is well known for its native styles of music, particularly makossa and bikutsi, and for its successful national football team. French and English are the official languages. Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ("River of Prawns"), the name from which Cameroon derives. Fulani[5] soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms. Cameroon became a German colony in 1884. After World War I, the territory was divided between France and Britain as League of Nations mandates. The Union des Populations du Cameroun political party advocated independence, but was outlawed by France in the 1950s. It waged war on French and UPC militant forces until 1971. In 1960, the French-administered part of Cameroon became independent as the Republic of Cameroun under President Ahmadou Ahidjo. The southern part of British Cameroons merged with it in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The country was renamed the United Republic of Cameroon in 1972 and the Republic of Cameroon in 1984. Compared to other African countries, Cameroon enjoys relatively high political and social stability. This has permitted the development of agriculture, roads, railways, and large petroleum and timber industries. Nevertheless, large numbers of Cameroonians live in poverty as subsistence farmers. Power lies firmly in the hands of the authoritarian president since 1982, Paul Biya, and his Cameroon People's Democratic Movement party. The English-speaking territories of Cameroon have grown increasingly alienated from the government, and politicians from those regions have called for greater decentralization and even secession (for example: the Southern Cameroons National Council) of the former British-governed territories.